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Resumo: Introdução: Devido à complexidade da atual abordagem médica, várias áreas temáticas que não lhe são específicas devem ser de seu entendimento, como a hermenêutica. Durante os últimos séculos, essa linha filosófica participou de diversas mudanças de paradigmas, os quais só puderam ser de fato superados a partir do século XX, principalmente com a obra Ser e tempo, de Martin Heidegger. Desenvolvimento: Foi realizado um ensaio acerca de algumas implicações da obra Ser e tempo para as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem semiológica. Nota-se que o entendimento fenomenológico pode contribuir para ensino-aprendizagem para além dos domínios cognitivos ao abordar: o que é semiologia, o que é a fala, como a antropologia interage com a medicina, o que é "empatia" e de como lidar com a "morte". Destaca-se o potencial dessa abordagem para o fornecimento de perspectivas propriamente mais humanas, o que, na prática médica, deve ser transmitido nas atividades de ensino-aprendizagem. Conclusão: Apesar de não prover resoluções, tal discussão aponta o campo da hermenêutica fenomenológica como de possível interesse para o desenvolvimento profissional.
Abstract: Introduction: Due to the complexity of the current medical approach, several topics from different fields should be considered as part of its understanding, such as hermeneutics. This philosophical branch has contributed to several paradigm shifts in the last few centuries, but such paradigms could only be truly overcome from the 20th century onwards, especially since Martin Heidegger's work, Being and Time. Development: This purpose of this essay was to relate some implications of Being and Time to medical semiology, one of the cornerstones of the medical activity. Exploring briefly some basic themes of medical practice in light of hermeneutic phenomenology, it is possible to identify contributions it has made to the training of health professionals beyond technical parameters, by asking questions such as: what is Semiology? What is talking? How do Anthropology and Medicine interact? What is "empathy" and how should we deal with "death"? It is necessary to highlight the importance of this approach to provide greater human understanding about medical practices. Conclusion: Although this discussion does not provide definitive solutions, it shows how hermeneutic phenomenology is a field of potential interest to medical training.
Subject(s)
Humans , Philosophy, Medical , Education, Medical/methods , Hermeneutics , Students, Medical , Interdisciplinary ResearchABSTRACT
Medical philosophy has important guiding significance for the development of medicine. Ancient Greek medical philosophy has rich connotation and strong vitality. In the study of ancient Greek medical philosophy and combined with"the positioning of basic medicine"and"doctor-patient relationship"and other outstanding is-sues in the current development of medicine, we found that the rational examination of medical theory and medical treatment in ancient Greek medical philosophy, ways of thinking and analytical methods of medical philosophy and the character that physician should have had an important value in the development of modern medicine. We should pay attention to basic medical research,pursue innovative thinking, be good at using critical thinking and pay atten-tion to the training of humanistic spirit among medical workers.
ABSTRACT
Resumo: A "visão recebida" acerca das ideias de Descartes contribuiu com a sedimentação da imagem de um pensador dualista que teria separado radicalmente mente e corpo, tendo sido responsável, consequentemente, por ter fornecido os alicerces da "modernidade cindida". Não faltam epítetos, que atualmente soam de modo depreciativo, para se referir ao pensamento cartesiano: mecanicismo, determinismo, reducionismo, entre outros. Neste artigo nós desenvolvemos o argumento de acordo com o qual Descartes não foi um dualista do tipo como normalmente se supõe. Com base em uma releitura de duas das suas principais obras (Discurso do Método e Meditações Metafísicas) e de uma discussão com a nova literatura sobre o tema, sustenta-se a tese de que a superação da referida "visão recebida" pode produzir uma nova luz - nas discussões no/do campo da saúde coletiva - que pode dar relevo ao chamado paradigma ampliado da saúde (a valorização de outros aspectos que não apenas o biológico ou fisiológico, tais como o psicológico, social, econômico, cultural, político).
Abstract: The "received view" of Descartes has shaped the image of a dualist thinker who radically separated mind and body and thus laid the foundations for a "divided modernity". Numerous epithets have been applied to Cartesian thinking, all of which now sound depreciative: mechanicism, determinism, and reductionism, among others. This article contends that Descartes was not the type of dualist that is normally assumed. Based on a rereading of two essential works (Discourse on Method and Metaphysical Meditations) and a dialogue with the new literature on the theme, we contend that overcoming the "received view" of Descartes can shed new light on discussions in (and of) the collective health field and highlight the so-called expanded health paradigm (including aspects beyond the biological or physiological, such as the psychological, social, economic, cultural, and political).
Resumen: La "visión recibida" de las ideas de Descartes contribuyó a la sedimentación de la imagen de un pensador dualista, que habría separado radicalmente mente y cuerpo, siendo responsable, consecuentemente, de haber proporcionado los fundamentos de la considerada "modernidad escindida". No faltan epítetos, que actualmente suenan en cierta medida despreciativos, para referirse al pensamiento cartesiano: mecanicismo, determinismo, reduccionismo, entre otros. En este artículo desarrollamos el argumento, de acuerdo con el cual, Descartes no fue un dualista del tipo que normalmente se le supone. En base a una relectura de dos de sus principales obras (Discurso del Método y Meditaciones metafísicas), y de una discusión con la nueva literatura sobre el tema, se sostiene la tesis de que la superación de la referida "visión recibida" puede producir una nueva luz -en las discusiones en el/del campo de la salud colectiva- que puede dar relevo al llamado paradigma ampliado de la salud (la valorización de otros aspectos, no solamente el biológico o fisiológico, tales como el psicológico, social, económico, cultural, político).
Subject(s)
Humans , Philosophy, Medical , Science , Public Health , Biological Science Disciplines , Systems Theory , Famous PersonsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-achievement, perception and satisfaction of group discussion and presentation in medical philosophy class. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed based on topical subject of main textbook of medical philosophy and course evaluation reported by students. The questionnaire composed of self-learning achievement for the seven subjects, perception of necessity and profitability of contents and education method of medical philosophy and satisfaction with components of education method and overall class. RESULTS: The data were collected from 250 medical students who complete the course of medical philosophy. Regardless of grade and gender, students reported high self-achievement, perception and overall satisfaction of medical philosophy course, but there were difference in satisfaction of components of each education methods. Students recognized positively as discussion and presentation in philosophy class, but had low awareness of the benefits of private small-group activities. The more students regarded it is beneficial for the contents and methods of philosophy classes, the overall satisfaction with the medical philosophy course was high. And the more students regarded it is necessary to educate and beneficial for the contents and methods of philosophy classes, the satisfaction with the education methods of medical philosophy course was high. CONCLUSION: To improve the achievement level and satisfaction with the philosophy course, it is necessary to induce active interest in small group activities, and provide detailed and various discussion materials in class.
Subject(s)
Humans , Education , Education, Medical , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Methods , Philosophy , Philosophy, Medical , Students, MedicalABSTRACT
Históricamente la pregunta por la salud no se ha comprendido y plantearla puede abordarse como un problema filosófico. En este sentido el propósito del estudio es abrir la tradición médica a la pregunta por la salud y explorar la posibilidad de plantearla desde el enfoque de la hermenéutica filosófica gadameriana. Se realizó una investigación de naturaleza filosófica desde el ámbito de la hermenéutica gadameriana mediante la dialéctica de pregunta-respuesta para delimitar el punto de partida y elaborar el horizonte de comprensión. Se expone la necesidad de explorar el sentido originario de la salud mediante el diálogo con la tradición médica y recuperar el ámbito existencial de la salud como un modo de ser y aproximarse a su esencia. Al situar la cuestión de la salud como un problema hermenéutico y recuperar su sentido existencial, se enuncia la pregunta en los siguientes términos: ¿cuál es el sentido originario de la salud? Interrogante que pretende establecer un diálogo con la tradición médica occidental para pensar la salud dentro de la vida como el enigma más profundo que la salud propone al pensamiento.
Historically the question of health is not understood and ask it can be approached as a philosophical problem. In this regard the purpose of the study is open to question medical tradition for health and explore the possibility to raise it from the perspective of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. An investigation of a philosophical nature was made from the field of Gadamer's hermeneutics by dialectic question and answer to delimit the starting point, develop the horizon of understanding and the question was asked. At the starting point of health as hermeneutical problem arises. The question of the type discussed: what is health?; and it identifies that the issue of health should integrate the meaning, structure and horizon from which he is interrogated. When it opens to understanding the health question the need to explore the original meaning of health through dialogue with the medical tradition and retrieve the existential field of health as a way of being and approach the essence of health it is exposed. By placing the issue of health as a hermeneutical problem and regain health existential sense, hermeneutical question is stated as follows: what is the original meaning of health? Question that seeks to establish a dialogue with the Western medical tradition to think about health in life as the deepest enigma that health proposes to thought.
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La influencia de Kurt Goldstein en el pensamiento de Georges Canguilhem se extendió a lo largo de toda su obra. El presente trabajo pretende recuperar esta relación con el objeto de realizar un estudio de la norma como nexo o conexión entre el concepto y la vida. En consecuencia, este trabajo será una reflexión sobre el planteamiento de la vida como actividad normativa y autorealización. Para ello, será necesario resignificar los conceptos de salud y enfermedad, y atravesar el camino que va de uno a otro. Al final de este camino, se encontrará que estos conceptos permiten explicar la identidad entre el concepto y la vida, lo cual conduce a la conclusión inesperada que la cura es, en definitiva, autocuración.
The influence of Kurt Goldstein on the thinking of Georges Canguilhem extended throughout his entire work. This paper seeks to examine this relationship in order to conduct a study of the norm as a nexus or connection between the concept and life. Consequently, this work will be a reflection on the approach to life as a regulatory activity and self-realization. For this, it will be necessary to redefine the concepts of health and disease, and make a crossover between the two. At the end of this trajectory, it will be found that these concepts can explain the identity between the concept and life, which leads to the unexpected conclusion that the cure is ultimately self-healing.
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Humans , Animals , History, 20th Century , Disease , Life , Poland , Health , FranceABSTRACT
La obra de Oliver Sacks es bien conocida y muy destacada en la literatura de divulgación médica y ha contribuidoal conocimiento de la enfermedad neurológica por el público en general. Desde el punto de vista de laneurología literaria sus escritos han sido analizados por muchos autores. El presente artículo examina desdela perspectiva de un neurólogo clínico algunos elementos de la obra de Oliver Sacks que podrían ser de granbeneficio en el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico del paciente neurológico y un valioso aporte a la prácticaclínica de la neurología. Se exploran también algunas nuevas contribuciones hechas por la investigación enneurociencias y por la psicología cognitiva al abordaje holístico del paciente en medicina y se discuten losbeneficios de este abordaje en la recuperación de la enfermedad neurológica.
Oliver Sacks's work is well known and prominent in the medical literature for common people and has contributed to the understanding of neurological disease by the general public. Many authors from the point of view of literary neurology have analyzed his work. This article examines elements from the work of Oliver Sacks that could benefit the diagnosis approach and treatment of neurological patients and be a valuable contribution to the clinical practice of neurology from the perspective of a clinical neurologist. Some new contributions made by research in neuroscience and cognitive psychology to the holistic approach to the patient in medicine is also analyzed and the benefits of this approach in the recovery from neurological disease.
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Humans , Holistic Health , Humanism , Integrative Medicine , Nervous System DiseasesABSTRACT
Educational reform of pathophysiology oriented to clinical application is to pass the physician qualifica -tion examination .One of essential approach is to implement pathophysiology teaching with the translational medical philosophy and promote the harmonious development of physician -patient relationship with the utilization of the de-velopment and changes of disease in the teaching process .In that way, the pathophysiology in basic and clinical medicine is worthy of the name of “bridge”, and ultimately achieves the goal of “the transformation and develop-ment of the cultivation of clinical application talents”.
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Introducción: la concepción sociocultural de cada oficio, es susceptible de modificarse con el transcurrir del tiempo. Es problemático recurrir totalmente al juramento hipocrático en tiempos contemporáneos pragmáticos donde se ha incursionado como intermediarios del mercado de la salud. La actualización científica debe realizarse conjuntamente con premisas bioéticas y conciencia sobre la actualidad de la práctica médica. Objetivo: persuadir al médico colombiano a reconocer en una era compleja, lograr prácticas en un enfoque holístico. Desarrollo: se deberá hacer a la idea en todo su ser profesional, de la inmediatez de su trabajo dejando atrás la obviedad por la que el interés económico sacrificó la equidad y la solidaridad. El médico debe laborar dentro de las discutibles ventajas del sistema y ejercer su profesionalismo al máximo; siendo recursivo sin sacrificar sus principios y del ejercicio médico en pro de controlar la enfermedad del paciente. Es vital la actualización y comprensión de preceptos bioéticos como el principio de la razón suficiente, la navaja de Occam, y el razonamiento abductivo. Conclusiones: es necesario que se reconozca en su ser profesional, contextualizándose en tiempo y lugar; donde se involucre en profesión y vocación de forma holística con los requerimientos del sistema, de sus responsabilidades y necesidades del paciente, a través de un pensamiento diagnóstico abductivo, humano y filosófico.
Introduction: the cultural conception of professions, are likely changing with the passage of time and their idiosyncrasy. It is problematic to rely blindly the Hippocratic oath in the contemporary age, where, both physicicans and patients have become intermediaries of the healthcare market. The scientific update must be performed in conjunction with specific bioethical premises with a deep awareness on current medical practice. Objective: to persuade Colombian physicians, as philosophical being, to recognize this age requires him or her to be a physician whose practice follow a holistic approach. Development: the Colombian clinician should get an idea of the professional context full of immediacy, which leave behind the obvious reason because the economic interest sacrificed equity and solidarity. Physicians have to work within the questionable benefits of the system and exercise maximum professionalism, being resourceful without sacrificing their bioethical principles and medical correct practice in favor of controlling the patients illness. For this, it is vitally important to update and understand bioethical precepts like the principle of sufficient reason, Occams razor, and abductive reasoning. Conclusions: it is necessary that Colombian physicians, acknowledged and engage within the profession and vocation in a holistic way taking into account the requirements of the system, the patients needs and their own commitment to this through abductive, human and philosophical diagnosis thought.
Subject(s)
Medical Care , Philosophy, Medical , Physician's RoleABSTRACT
El artículo discute algunos apuntes epistemológicos presentes en los trabajos de Canguilhem, Foucault y Kuhn y sus implicaciones para la caracterización de la racionalidad de la medicina científica. La delimitación del concepto de enfermedad, constructo fundamental por tratarse del objeto de conocimiento de la medicina, es abordado en el análisis de Canguilhem para la formación teórica de los conceptos de lo normal y lo patológico, y en la interpretación foulcaltiana que identifica el desplazamiento epistemológico que da origen al método clínico como modelo de práctica subyacente a los procesos de intervención en salud. La perspectiva socio-constructivista de L. Fleck es representada como posibilidad de abordaje epistemológico para explicar la dinámica de transformación, instauración y extensión de los hechos científicos, atribuyendo importancia a los elementos históricos y sociales como posibilidad de interpretar la complejidad en el área de la salud.
This article discusses some epistemological aspects of Canguilhem, Foucault and Kuhn's work and their implication in the characterization of Medicine's scientific rationale. The delimitation of the disease concept, which is fundamental for being Medicine's object of knowledge, is considered in Canguilhem's analysis of the theoretical formation of the concepts of what is normal or pathologic and in Foucault's interpretation that identifies the epistemological hallmark that gives origin to the clinical method as a subjacent model to all health intervention processes. Ludwik Fleck's socio constructivist perspective is presented as a possibility to epistemologically approach the dynamics of transformation, instauration and extension of scientific facts, placing special importance on the historical and social elements as a possibility to interpret health's complexity.
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Dijo Jaeger W. Paideia "La Medicina jamás habría llegado a convertirse en una ciencia sin las indagaciones de los primeros filósofos jónicos de la naturaleza, que buscaban una explicación natural de todos los fenómenos; sin su tendencia a reducir todo efecto a una causa, y a descubrir en la relación causa-efecto la existencia de un orden general y necesario; sin su fe inquebrantable de llegar a conocer la clave de todos los misterios del mundo mediante la observación imparcial de las cosas y la fuerza del conocimiento racional". Constituye el objetivo de este trabajo presentar una revisión histórica de aspectos filosóficos, científicos y sociales por los que ha pasado la enseñanza y ejercicio de la Medicina hasta los momentos actuales, que permita a docentes y alumnos contar con un documento sencillo, de fácil consulta, evitando revisiones en textos separados y a veces engorrosos sobre la temática planteada, y, que además permita aumentar el caudal de cultura médica. De lograrlo nos sentiríamos satisfechos por el aporte reconocido, de lo contrario, sería igual porque quedaría el escrito. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y prospectivo de carácter histórico de varios textos y publicaciones empleando métodos teóricos de investigación. Como resultado del estudio se obtiene que, existen seis momentos filosóficos sociales de la Medicina y su enseñanza que enmarcaron el desarrollo de la ciencia. Concluimos que, es importante conocer el pasado para lograr un futuro mejor e influir positivamente en el proceso Enseñanza-aprendizaje.
The aim of this paper is to present an historical review of the philosophical, scientific and social aspects which the teaching have suffered and the practice of the medicine until nowadays allowing the professors and the students to have a simple and an easy document avoiding the review of the separate and sometimes bothersome texts on the theme already discussed allowing the increase of the medical culture. If we attained this aspect we will be satisfied because it will remain printed in the paper. It is a descriptive retrospective and prospective study of the historical nature of many texts and publications using theoretic methods of investigation. As a result of the study, six philosophic and social moments from medicine and from its teaching are obtained which framed the development of science. It is concluded that it is very important to know the past for attaining a better future and to have a positive influence on the teaching-learning process.
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La disciplina Filosofía y Salud forma parte del plan de estudio de las carreras de Ciencias Médicas. Los temas sociales y humanos vinculados al quehacer cotidiano de médicos, estomatólogos, enfermeros y tecnólogos que laboran en la esfera de la salud, demandan reflexiones filosóficas en estrecho vínculo con los problemas que se dan en la comunidad, centros hospitalarios y en los escenarios internacionales. Presentemos algunas reflexiones sobre el programa de la disciplina, a partir de la ampliación de los nuevos escenarios de actuación y la utilización de sus protagonistas a través de las diversas formas de enseñanza. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la necesidad de adecuar a las nuevas circunstancias algunos aspectos omitidos en el actual programa en temáticas relacionadas con la actividad humana y las formas de la conciencia social. Se ha demostrado la eficacia de la utilización de los trabajadores que han cumplido misión internacionalista como medio de enseñanza, así como con fines de investigación que permiten vincular sus experiencias a determinados temas de la disciplina en cuestión. Posibilita desde el presente un acercamiento a complejos temas sobre la educación económica y la comunicación social, que tanto inciden en situaciones no deseadas que tienen su esencia en la falta de cumplimiento de los principios éticos de la medicina. Concluyendo que la disciplina, premisa para la formación socio humanista de profesionales, se presenta más dinámica, eleva las motivaciones de los estudiantes, reafirma el vínculo de la teoría con la práctica y contribuye al fortalecimiento del trabajo político ideológico.
The Subject termed Philosophy and Health is part of a syllabus in the Medical Science Study. The social and human themes linked to the daily work of doctors, dentists, nurses and technicians, working all of them for the Health Care Programs ,demand philosophic reflections related closely to the problems present in the community, hospitals and international scenarios. Some reflections are presented on the Subject Program basing on the extent of the new scenarios of working as well as the use of the protagonists through the different teaching ways. The results demonstrated the necessity for adapting to the new circumstances, some aspects non-exposed in the current program on themes related to the "human activity" and "the ways of the social conscience". It had been demonstrated the efficiency of the workers who have gone to other countries for working, as a teaching tool as well as the research which allow to relate their experiences to certain themes about the subject we are trying in this article. It also allows an approach to complex themes on economic education and social communication influencing on undesirable situations having their essence in the lack of fulfillment of the ethical principles of Medicine. It is concluded that this subject elevates the motivations in the students, reaffirming the link between theory and practice and contributing to the strengthening of the Ideological-Political Work.
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Se utiliza el principio de la reflexividad como herramienta metodológica (desde la perspectiva crítico transformadora inaugurada por el marxismo original), en la evaluación de las visiones aportadas por el positivismo en general y en particular en la medicina, considerando sus consecuencias, sobre la sociedad como un todo, dentro de la civilización occidental. Se destaca cómo en el presente trabajo, el uso de la reflexividad no se desarrolla en el sentido técnico_ instrumental, sino como una herramienta que muestra la manera en que los estudios sobre la sociedad pueden influir y de hecho influyen, en las transformaciones posteriores que ocurrirán sobre el todo social. Al mismo tiempo, que se pondera la emergencia de la ética, y la necesidad de un nuevo encuentro con ella. En el sentido de entenderla, como parte consustancial del conocimiento y de nuestro que hacer, tanto en lo social general, como en lo médico. Se significa la relevancia de la actual revolución axiológica para transitar hacia prácticas más científicas y por lo tanto más humanas, dentro del saber médico contemporáneo.
The principle of reflectiveness is used a methodological tool (from the transformer critical perspective inaugurated by original Marxism) in the evaluation of the visions contributed by the positivism in general and in particular in medicine, considerating their consequences on society like a whole in the western civilization. In this work the use of reflectiveness is not developed in the technical- instrumental sense, but like a tool that shows the way the studies about society can influence, and in fact they influence, in the subsequent that will occur in the social whole. At the same time the emergency of the ethics and the necessity of a new encounter with it is pondered. In the sense of understanding it is a supporting part of the knowledge and of our daily work as much in the social aspect as in medicine. The relevance of the current axiologic revolution is ment to go toward more scientific and, therefore, human practices in contemporary medical knowledge.
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It is necessary that to investigate the relationship and interaction between medicine and philosophy,under which medical science can be comprehended in a deeper and wider degree by means of the value and inspiration provided of philosophy thinking.For this reson,the article analyzes several major historical stages of medical model of philosophical thinking by historical and logical approach in order to construct the medical philosophy.
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Cada uno de los cuatro epígrafes que contiene la estructura lógica este artículo, pretenden esclarecer primero, desde el punto de vista conceptual e histórico, la imagen desacertada que identifica a la ciencia con la profesión médica, imagen que no entra a considerar su unidad y diferencia. Y, en segundo orden, intentan hacer énfasis en la necesidad de comprender el objeto de la ciencia y el de la profesión médica, como modos de actuar sobre la actividad vital del individuo, la familia y la comunidad para investigarla o transformarla y, no sólo, como formas de atención a la salud o la enfermedad. El uso de las referencias bibliográficas reservan el propósito de avalar las tesis que sostienen los autores, en su afán de demostrar, que el objeto de la profesión médica hay que pensarlo de un modo empírico y de un modo teórico. Una matriz conceptual que oriente la comprensión de las diferentes miradas existentes sobre la profesión médica y su objeto, buscando los puntos de contacto de éste con el objeto de estudio de la ciencia y la manera de comprender cómo han evolucionado ambos a lo largo de la historia requiere, al menos, a modo de pinceladas, de unas notas lo suficientemente aclaratorias sobre cuatro elementos de partida: Los vínculos histórico-genésicos existentes entre profesión médica y ciencia médica; ¿Qué se entiende por el objeto de una profesión?; el tono seductor de un discurso cómodo sobre el objeto de la profesión médica y algunos principios para analizar el objeto de la profesión y el de la ciencia médica.
Each one of the four sections that the logical structure of this article contains seeks to clarify first, from the conceptual and historical point of view, the unhappy image that identifies science with the medical profession, image that doesn't consider their unity and difference. In the other hand, they try to make emphasis in the necessity of understanding the object of science and that of the medical profession, as ways of acting on the individual's vital activity, the family and the community to investigate it or to transform it and, not only, as forms of health or illness attention. The use of bibliographical references reserves the purpose of endorsing the theses that the authors sustain, in its desire to demonstrate that the object of the medical profession is to think it in both an empiric and theoretical ways.A conceptual basis that guides the understanding of the different perspectives in the medical profession and its object, looking for points of contact among this, science's object of study and the way of understanding how both have evolved, which requires four departure elements.
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Choe Han-Ki was a philosopher of the 19th century who resided in Seoul. He accumulated vast amount of knowledge of Western science and on the basis of them he built his own philosophical system different from those of the philosophers before him. Not only has he wrote books on philosophy, but many books on science as well. Among them Shin-Ki-Chon-Hum is a very unique medical book which reveals his original medical philosophy. He acquired medical knowledge through the medical books put into Chinese by missionary doctor Hobson and on the basis of them he criticized traditional medicine. He criticized traditional medicine because it explained vital phenomenon through the reductionist theory, such as Oh-Haeng(theory of five phases). And he also criticized it because it lacked in exact anatomical knowledge and that the exact origin of the disease was not known and it had limitations on treatment. He also criticized Western Medicine because it supposed God as a creator. He saw the possibility of communication between Western Medicine and traditional medicine. He didn't regard medicine as concerning disease and health only, but it included everything in it. His philosophy of medicine is just a part of his original system of science, Ki-Hak.